Properties of utm projection pdf 4 Conformal projection 7. Non-Perspective Projection : In this case, projection is done in accordance to a consistent principle to satisfy certain objectives. 12 Commonly Used Map Projections Mercator Projection Transverse Mercator (TM) Projection Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Projection Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) Projection Polyconic (PC) Projection 8. Grids To simplify the use of maps and to avoid the inconvenience of pinpointing loca-tions on curved reference lines, cartogra- Mar 28, 2022 · PDF | On Mar 28, 2022, Domingos CBB Gomes published Coordinate systems and projections (GIS) | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate extensive researches about the projection. Notice the shape of the square boxes from GEOREF15. S. Geological Survey (USGS). Mar 10, 2025 · In the lower window, click Predefined > Projected Coordinate Systems > UTM > WGS 1984 and select UTM Zone 18N as the projection. 5-minute quadrangle maps (1:24,000 and 1:25,000 scale) and 15-minute quadrangle maps (1:50,000, 1:62,500, and standard-edition 1:63,360 scales), the UTM grid lines are indicated at Feb 4, 2014 · • The distortions increase as the distance from the central point of the projection increases • Areas smaller than 25 x 25 km: No distortions • Areas larger than 25 x 25 km: Always distortions • Map projections are used to control/minimize the distortions Classification and properties of map projections Properties of map projections projection' consisting of a conformal mapping of the ellipsoid onto the sphere followed by a mapping from the sphere to the plane using the spherical TM formula. Position of the Projection Surface Properties of Projection 8. 5-minute quadrangle maps (1:24,000 and 1:25,000 scale) and 15-minute quadrangle maps (1 :50,000, 1 :62,500, and standard-edition 1 :63,360. Aug 5, 2007 · UTM ist a projection zone system covering most areas of the world through 60 6°-zones between latitudes 80°S and 84°N. made between orthographic, stereographic and gnomonic projection (see F igure 1). Note: UTM projections are found in the Projected Coordinate Systems folder. Semi-Perspective Projection: In this case, one set of intersecting lines are geometrically projected and the other set drawn purely to suit a desired property. 3 Mapping equations 7. Click OK to select the projection and another OK to finish the process. You will not see the effects immediately. is projection Here’s how you can work with UTM coordinates in QGIS: 1. the projection method of each of the 60 zones is the Transverse Mercator projection with secant coincidence. The projection of the data frame is changed. A common projection used in Canada is the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), which is also used by the Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation (CCMEO) for the National Topographic System (NTS) maps (Natural Resources Canada, 2016). 9996 of true scale for most Figure 2. Common projections include Mercator, UTM, and conic projections. Both properties are nearly correct in the middle latitudes. Army adopted the UTM projection and grid for designating rectangular coordinates on large-scale maps for the entire world. Mar 13, 2014 · A short animation showing a bit about how Universal Transverse Mercator Projections work. Take a look at the map below. Each of the 60 longitudinal zones has its own cylindrical projection. Each zone has a central meridian with a scale factor in US of Nov 6, 2022 · Different types of Important projection systems & Coordinate systems. 2 Mercator projection 7. After you select the correct system the window below will appear. Map projections translate locations on Earth's spherical surface to two-dimensional planar coordinates, introducing some type of distortion of shape, area, distance, or direction. Feb 19, 2023 · The UTM grid system uses a series of these cylindrical projections that are tangent to different latitudes. Therefore, UTM is a conformal transverse projection. ) N' = N – N0 (N0 is the offset of the origin latitude; check the value for each zone. The key properties of the UTM properties of the map (such as distance and areal accuracy) are shown with mini-mum distortion. Zones taper from 666,000 meters in "width" at the Equator (where 1° of longitude is about 111 kilometers in length) to only about 70,000 meters at 84° North and b. With respect to Laplace-Beltrami and Korn-Lichtenstein equations, conformal coordinates of type UTM or Gauss- conservation of angles and lengths in projections. The Mercator projection was used for its portrayal of direction and shape, so it was helpful to the sailors of that time. , WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N – EPSG: 32633). It also discusses computations for convergence from geographic positions and from grid coordinates for Mercator (UTM) projection. For UTM, E0 = 500 000·000 meters. The transverse version is widely used in national and international mapping systems around the world, including the Universal Transverse Mercator. This projection was adapted by Oskar Schreiber and used for the Prussian Land Survey of 1876-1923. Because of the limitations of the UTM projection, most of the globe disappears from 1. 8). 1 Introduction 7. Universal Transverse Mercator In 1947 the U. TRANSFORMATION FROM GAUSS-KRÜGER PROJECTION INTO UTM PROJECTION A complete transition from the Gauss-Krüger projection to the UTM projection is shown on the following scheme: (y, x)GK → (B, L) Bessel → (X, Y, Z) Bessel → (X, Y, Z)WGS 84 → (B, L)WGS 84 → (E, N)UTM HELMERT TRANSFORMATION ON THE CASE OF GAUSS-KRÜGER AND UTM 292 surface into a plane. 6) types such as cylindrical, conical and planar. The UTM zones for Haiti are 17N and 18N. Zone 1 is bounded by longitude 180° to 174° W and is centered on the 177th West meridian. 3 One frame of an animation showing a sequence of the 60 Transverse Mercator projections used as the basis of the UTM coordinate system. Jun 6, 2017 · The key aspects covered are: - Map projections transform the 3D globe onto a 2D surface through techniques like developing surfaces (cones, cylinders, planes) and projection planes. The center of the projection is infinite. 7 Convergence of the meridian 35 7. Most zones in UTM span 6 degrees of longitude, and each has a designated central meridian. Sep 29, 2017 · UTM is also a conformal projection, meaning that it preserves angles locally/preserves shapes of small areas. Every country would like to represent it's self in true shape, if shape changes then size , area also changes so that leads to distortions on the global properties of a map like Distance,direction,shape ,Area. Map base construction, the first stage of map-making processes, involves the projection and co-ordinate systems on which of parallels and meridians on the projection plane. Conic projections Apr 15, 2025 · This requirement is met within all State Plane zones that use Transverse Mercator projections. 23. The best projection depends on the map's purpose and region. Broadly, the methodology of projections are classified into three (Fig. 5 Scale factor 7. ν = a 1 – e2 sin2 φ € ρ= a (1−e2) This makes the projection appropriate for areas with long north-south extent and narrow east-west extent. UTM, State Plane Coordinates & Map Scale Coordinate Systems-UTM • Convenience of a plane rectangular grid on a global level • A section from a transverse Mercator projection is used to develop separate grids for each of 60 zones • Low distortion along the tangent central meridian, increasing E & W • Works great for large scale data sets. The task of this section is to derive the general condition for conformal projection, in combination with the particular conditions for Gauss and • map projection system for assigning coordinates to places on the surface of the Earth-alternative to the traditional latitude and longitude method • Earth's surface is divided into 60 vertical zones from 80°south to 84°north • usually 6°wide • each has a central meridian which is used as reference meridian for projection pseudocylindrical projection is a Sinusoidal projection where the north-south scale and the east-west scale are the same throughout the map, creating an equal-area map. Map projections are characterized by Determining a UTM Grid Value for a Map Point The UTM grid is shown on all quadrangle maps prepared by the U. M. Conformal projections, however, produce great variation away from the central portions of the map. The projection centre of a stereographic projection is exactly opposite the point of contact of the image plane. This type of projection can depict the earth as one continuous map or several discrete slices (Fig. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. In this month’s column, we’ll take a look at the UTM system, see how UTM grid coordinates are related to UTM Projection System The UTM projection system is based basically on the Transverse Mercator projection. The goal is to choose a projection that minimizes distortions for the intended map purpose and region. UTM projection are two kinds of conformal projection. so no country or continent will never like to represent themselves distorted , so hundreds of projections were projections for the job type. (Note that the map, which uses a global Mercator projection, shows the zones in lines of parallel meridians (N/S lines) and distorts the map most nearest the poles, and least nearest the equator. 14 UTM Coordinates • Meter is the unit of measure • Origin at central meridian and equator – Coordinates (E,N) • False Easting of origin +500,000m – Ensures positive E • The equator is given the value N=0m for the northern hemisphere, and N=108m for the southern hemisphere. Egypt is covered by two zones. Therefore, the conformal projection needs to be studied prior to study concerning the Gauss projection or UTM projection. The UTM is a Transverse Mercator to which specific parameters, A transverse Mercator projection. Map base construction, the first stage of map-making processes, involves the projection and co-ordinate systems on which 4 • Understanding Map Projections SPHEROIDS AND SPHERES The shape and size of a geographic coordinate system’s surface is defined by a sphere or spheroid. 6 Map scale 7. The straight lines crossing at right angles of this map projection make it useful for navigation, but it distorts Projection 2 - Free download as PDF File (. 1, below, depicts the area covered by a single UTM coordinate system grid zone. coordinates on a particular map projection. MAP PROJECTIONS 7. 1. the UTM grid lines. 11 False Origin of a Projection 8. Chasles et M obius study the most general The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection and grid were adopted by the U. Figure 2: Zones of METM Projection Figure 3: Zones of UTM Projection Aug 4, 2023 · mapping the country using three 3 degree zones, unlike UTM projection, which has 6 degree longitudinal strips. On 7. 2 Mercator mapping equations The UTM projection divides the world into 60 zones, zone 1 having a CM at longitude 177°W, while the latitudinal extent of each zone is 80°S to 84°N, indicated by 20 bands labelled C to X with Feb 18, 2025 · Understanding the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Projection The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection is a specialized cylindrical map projection widely used for mapping and geographic data management. The UTM is a Transverse Mercator to which specific parameters, Projection properties A projection can preserve UTM system - Adopted by Canada post WWII, - SYSTEM of 60 TM projections (1885) Gall-Peters projection (equivalent) map projection the areas in the map are identical to the areas on the curved reference surface (taking into account the map scale), which means that areas are represented correctly on the map. Concept. 13 Choosing a Suitable Map Projection 8. UTM zones for Africa range from 28 to 39 and include both the N and S hemispheres. The UTM is the ellipsoidal Transverse Mercator to which specific parameters, such as central meridians, have been applied. The Mercator projection is a conformal projection, meaning that angles and small shapes on the globe project as the same angles or shapes on the map. This is the rst treaty on projective geometry: a projective property is a prop-erty invariant by projection. To ensure your map uses the correct UTM projection: Open QGIS and load your data. the area is perfectly correct anywhere. Important Map projections . Parallel projections For parallel projections, we specify a direction of projection (DOP) instead of a COP. Go to Project → Properties → CRS (Coordinate Reference System). must hit the Select button and navigate to your desired projection. The scale factor at the central meridian is specified to be 0. g. Some projections minimize distortions in some of these properties at the expense of maximizing errors in others. ) Choice of the projection to be used will depend upon the true property or combination of properties desired for effective cartographic analysis. Its primary purpose is to represent the three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional plane while minimizing distortion within defined zones. There are two types of parallel projections: w Orthographic projection — DOP perpendicular to PP w Oblique projection — DOP not perpendicular to PP There are two especially useful kinds of oblique projections: w Cavalier projection This makes the projection appropriate for areas with long north-south extent and narrow east-west extent. The parameters vary by nation or region or mapping system. Area A projection that maintains area is equal area This is achieved by sacrificing shape: stretching in one direction to counter for earth curvature must be compensated by compression in the other. Zone boundaries are parallel to meridians. 4 • Understanding Map Projections SPHEROIDS AND SPHERES The shape and size of a geographic coordinate system’s surface is defined by a sphere or spheroid. secant projection is rotated about vertical axis in 6o increments to produce 60 UTM zones. Zones are numbered from 1 to 60. Some projection, however, moderately distort all these properties. The UTM grid system divides each zone into a series of squares, with each square measuring 100,000 meters (or 100 kilometers) on The projection from spheroid to a UTM zone is some parameterization of the transverse Mercator projection. 2. Grids To simplify the use of maps and to avoid the inconvenience of pinpointing loca-tions on curved reference lines, cartogra- The Mercator projection is a cylindrical projection that was developed for navigation purposes. Apr 11, 2020 · This document discusses map projections and their properties. The illustration in Figure 2. zone. 1 Meridians and parallels 7. Common projections include cylindrical (like Mercator), conic, and planar/polar types. 22. The document outlines the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection system, detailing its properties, including the use of false easting and northing to avoid negative coordinates. - Properties of map projections include accurate representation of areas, distances, directions, and angles, but no single projection can achieve all properties. surface into a plane. The system used to portray a portion of the round Earth on a flat surface is called a map projection. e. SHP have also changed. On 7 . Search for UTM followed by your zone number (e. Only the pole zones are coverd by the UPS Universal Polar Stereographic projection) for whole world mapping. A conic projection uses a cone to project into a map. Each UTM Zone is a Different Projection The Mercator projection maps the world onto a cylinder where the central ring of tangency is the Earth's Equator. Geological Survey. pdf), Text File (. It is also called the Gauss-Schreiber projection and scale along the central Jan 1, 2009 · Download full-text PDF. The system of transforming from spherical to the plane surface is called map projection. 3. ) ν = radius of curvature in the prime vertical at φ; i. UTM is the most widely used projection in Kenya. How the UTM grid system is divided. Highlighted in red is UTM Zone 01, which spans 180° W to 174° W. The system used to por-tray a part of the round Earth on a flat surface is called a map projection. Setting the Project CRS to UTM. For UTM in the northern hemisphere, N0 = 0; for UTM in the southern hemisphere, N0 = 10 000 000·000 meters. 7. Within his system, sister projection to the UTM for military mapping. A unique projection is used for every UTM zone, so that deformation within each zone is minimized. 2 Properties of projections 7. properties of the map (such as distance and areal accuracy) are shown with mini-mum distortion. Read full-text. This projection is best suited for north-south oriented areas. Map projections transform the three-dimensional globe onto a two-dimensional surface, necessarily introducing some distortions. Select it and UTM Coordinate System T. Grids To simplify the use of maps, and to avoid the inconvenience of pin-pointing locations on curved reference lines, car­ The term "map projection" actually means any mathematical transformation of the globe onto some other surface, including many that can't be physically realized by any actual optical projection system. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system and Gauss-Krüger coordinate systems are based on the transverse Mercator projection and the State Plane Coordinate System uses it for all north-south zones. Although the earth is best represented by a spheroid, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and the Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) grids. 19th century : Poncelet (a Napoleon o cer) writes, in 1822, a treaty on projective properties of gures and the invariance by projection. Zones numbered from 180o (begins zone 1) eastward and extend from 80 oS to 84 N. Universal Transverse Mercator’s Projection(UTM) The UTM is a modified version of Mercator’s projection. This centering minimizes distortion of all properties in that region. Army in 1947 for designating rectangular coordinates on large-scale military maps of the entire world. Each UTM zone spans 6° of longitude, from 84° North and 80° South. One of the most widely used map projection and grid systems is the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system. txt) or view presentation slides online. 1 The map projection process 7. •D H Maling, Coordinate Systems and Map Projections important properties of the map (such as distance and areal accuracy) are shown with minimum distortion. @ Printed on recycled paper Determining a UTM grid value for a map point The UTM grid is shown on all quadrangle maps prepared by the U. UTM projection divides the earth into 60 zones each 6 degrees of longitude wide. Each zone has a longitude width 6° as shown in figure (3) and all properties of UTM system are given in table (1) [4,5]. Click Apply. Mercator projections are cylindrical projections – they have straight parallels. Lee (1976) and Dozier (1980) carried out formulae of UTM coordinates by means of elliptic functions. Based on complex numbers, Bowring (1990) gave one improved solution for TM projection. 8 Information sources 35 7. What are the properties of UTM projection? The UTM system divides the surface of the Earth between 80° S latitude and 84° N latitude into 60 zones, each 6° of longitude in width and centered over a meridian of longitude. also produced a system based on special projection properties. Many GPS receivers can directly output position information in UTM coordinates. • Mercator projections are conformal projections, so that angles and small shapes project as the same angles or shapes on the map. Map projection is very important because it is the bedrock of map based construction. Near the Equator, the Mercator projection provides low distortion. The extent of Nepal approximately lies in between 80˚04’ E to 88˚12’E longitude We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Equal area projections preserve the area of displayed features; and other properties—shape, angle, and scale—are distorted. The transverse Mercator map projection (TM, TMP) is an adaptation of the standard Mercator projection. 2. The orthographic projection is a parallel projection. vlsih qer uwqp zwmm achnlz qivqqad cop mspuh hdgbnl uanw